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Only a small fraction of CRMs remains inside Europe’s socio-economic system through functional recycling. For dysprosium (one of the heavy REEs), functional recycling is not observed at all. Potential to improve recycling of materials depends on various factors such as recycling infrastructure, market prices, possibility to disassemble products, and the amount of material becoming available from products reaching their end-of-life. For example, lifetimes of REEs can vary from a few years for lamps, up to decades in high efficiency motors.
